Polymeric Chemical Reaction- Polycondensation Reaction.

                        Polymeric Chemical Reaction

Polymer can be further classified by the type of chemical reactions which the monomers undergo in producing molecular weight compounds.

1.       Poly condensation reaction –Monomers react by repeated splitting off H2O, NH3, CH2O, NaCl, or other small molecules on a step by step reaction to build of the molecular size.

2.       Addition reaction – occurs among molecules containing double or triple bonds or with oxo-ring compounds. No small molecules are liberated and reaction is the rapid chain type.

A.      Poly condensations Reactions.

a.       Representative groups

                                                                           i.      Aldehyde

                                                                         ii.      Amide and  Amine

                                                                        iii.      Anhydride,

                                                                       iv.      epoxy,

                                                                         v.      carboxyl,

                                                                       vi.      chloride,

                                                                      vii.      hydroxyl,

                                                                    viii.       sulfide and

                                                                       ix.      Isocynate

A monomer must contain two or more of such reaction groups.

b.      Fundamental reaction mechanism ;

Same mechanism and chemical activation energies are found in preparing low molecular weight condensation products. E.g. Esterification reaction

 


Reacts under condition of T, P and C.

c.       Complexity of poly condensation reaction.

Function groups presents:   

Three types of polymer molecules are formed from pairs of bifunctional reactions e.g. terephhthalic acid and ethylene glycol.



R1 is  a polyester with one terminal hydroxyl and one terminal H, both reactive occurs only when reactant mole ratio is unity with degree of polymerization is m

R2 is polyester formed in excess of acid with degree of polymerization is n

R3 is polyester formed in excess of gylycol with degree of polymerization is p

 in some cases b- or trifunctional groups are not available from the initial reactant, but must formed via intermediates.

Such is characteristic of phenol formaldehyde polymerization.

 



d.      Equilibrium conditions for poly-condensation reactions

Reverse reaction or de-polymerization must be considered in final equilibrium achieved at an T, p, CI



There are only two sites on which the ester bond can be formed – (1) or (2) but there are m1+m2 sites where it may be hydrolyzed. This leads to difficult industrial problems in removing water and maintaining very low water concentrations on final polymer mix.

e.      Kinetic consideration for poly condensation reactions.

Polycondensations are relatively slow, step-wise reactions in which functional group reactions occur repeatedly to build up a polymer. Since reactions occur between function groups, reaction is not restricted to monomer adding to a multimer of given DP but may also occur between two multimers of DP m1 and m2 . It has been shown that the rates constant for all functional groups, in the condensation, are equal, whether on a monomer or multimer.

                With this simplification, Polycondensation reactions parallel the rate and reaction order conditions for monocondensation between two functional groups, e.g., OH and COOH in esterification

                r = K1CaOH CbCOOH

                Catalysts are not generally required but, if used, are of the acid base water soluble type.

                Experimental data on esterification do not follow these simple equations exactly because of change in polarity of media. Functional group are polar while the product is usually non polar.

                For bulk polymerizations, viscosity increases markedly affect the measured rate constant which change from chemically controlled to diffusion controlled values during the polymerization.

                Third difficulty is related to the different reactivity of functional groups on the same molecules.  For example, different esterification rate exist for primary and secondary glycol hydroxyl groups.

                The average degree of polymerization, DP , for poly-condensation can be derived from probability statistic as ration of smallest number of reacting groups(N0) present at the start to the number of same reacting groups (N) present at time t

 

                DP = No / Nt = 1/(1-p)

Where p = fractional conversion of reacting group = (N0-N)/N0

 

 

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

Plastic Blow Moulding Technique: An Overview

Ecofriendly Bioplastic Short Note

Current practices on injection molding in India